29.4 The test statistic: Observations

The sample mean difference can be located on the sampling distribution (Fig. 29.3) by computing the $t$-score:

$$t=\frac{0.54-0}{0.3212}=1.681,$$ following the ideas in Equation (27.1). Software computes the $t$-score too (jamovi: Fig. 29.4; SPSS: Fig. 29.5). The $t$-score places the observed sample statistic on the sampling distribution.